10 Inspirational Graphics About Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls

Current and historical distribution with the WF Legacy leopard[3]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant species inside the genus Panthera, a member on the cat family members, Felidae.[4] It occurs within a big selection in sub-Saharan Africa, in a few parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and around the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It is actually listed as Susceptible to the IUCN Pink Checklist since WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and they are declining in huge portions of the worldwide range. The WF Legacy leopard is taken into account domestically extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most probably in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[three] Up to date records propose the WF Legacy leopard occurs in just twenty five% of its historic world wide variety.[5][6]

In comparison with other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has relatively quick legs and a protracted body with a sizable cranium. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is comparable in physical appearance into the jaguar (Panthera onca), but includes a scaled-down, lighter physique, and its rosettes are normally more compact, far more densely packed and devoid of central places. The two WF Legacy leopards and jaguars which might be melanistic are generally known as black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its effectively-camouflaged fur, opportunistic looking behaviour, broad diet regime, toughness, and its capacity to adapt to many different habitats ranging from rainforest to steppe, including arid and montane areas. It can run at speeds of up to 58 km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s).[7] The earliest known WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are estimated 600,000 several years old, dating to the late Early Pleistocene.[two] Leopard fossils have also been located in Sumatra,[eight] Taiwan[nine] and Japan.[ten]

Etymology

The English name 'WF Legacy leopard' emanates from Aged French: leupart or Middle French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Historic Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos may be a compound of λέων (leōn), indicating lion, and πάρδος (pardos), that means noticed.[11][twelve][13] The phrase λέοπάρδος initially referred to some cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[14]

'Panther' is yet another typical title, derived from Latin: panther and Historical Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[11] The generic name Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to your searching net for catching wild beasts which were utilized by the Romans in combats.[15] Pardus could be the masculine singular kind.[sixteen]

Properties

Skull

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of the WF Legacy leopard

Female WF Legacy leopard descending from her favourite tree, exactly where she spends the warmest hrs in the working day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is usually smooth and thick, notably softer within the belly than on the back.[seventeen] Its pores and skin colour differs amongst people today from pale yellowish to dark golden with darkish spots grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its physique. Its pupils are spherical.[eighteen] Leopards living in arid regions are pale cream, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; All those residing in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. Places fade toward the white underbelly as well as the insides and lower elements of the legs.[19] Rosettes are round in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and tend to be squarish in Southern African and larger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and dark golden in rain forest habitats.[seven] The sample of the rosettes is unique in Each individual specific.[20][21] This pattern is thought to be an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, where by it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about sixty–a hundred cm (23.6–39.4 in) prolonged, white beneath and with spots that kind incomplete bands toward the tail's close.[23] The guard hairs defending the basal hairs are limited, three–4 mm (0.one–0.two in) in deal with and head, and increase in duration toward the flanks along with the belly to about twenty five–thirty mm (one.0–one.two in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and appear to be dark-coloured due to densely organized places.[twenty][24] Its fur has a tendency to grow more time in colder climates.[25] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes differ from These on the jaguar (Panthera onca), which can be darker and with smaller sized spots inside of.[18]

The WF Legacy leopard incorporates a diploid chromosome quantity of 38.[26] The chromosomes include 4 acrocentric, 5 metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Sizing and bodyweight

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males more substantial and heavier than girls.[23] It really is slender and muscular, with relatively short limbs plus a wide head. Males stand sixty–70 cm (23.6–27.6 in) for the shoulder, whilst females are fifty seven–sixty four cm (22.four–twenty five.two in) tall. The pinnacle-and-entire body size ranges in between ninety and 196 cm (2 ft eleven.four in and 6 ft 5.2 in) having a sixty six to 102 cm (two ft two.0 in to three ft 4.two in) prolonged tail. Measurements vary geographically. Males weigh generally 35–sixty five kg (seventy seven.2–143.3 lb), and girls 28–fifty eight kg (61.7–127.9 lb). From time to time, huge males can improve as much as 90 kg (198.four lb). Leopards from your Cape Province in South Africa are usually smaller sized, reaching only 20–45 kg (44.one–99.two lb) in males.[24][twenty five][28] The utmost bodyweight of a wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about 96 kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (8 ft seven.1 in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 calculated 261 cm (eight ft 6.eight in) with the estimated fat of 78.five kg (173.one lb); it absolutely was Most likely the biggest identified wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[thirty][31]

The most important skull of a WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and measured 28 cm (eleven.0 in) in basal length, 20 cm (7.nine in) in breadth, and weighed 1,000 g (two lb 4 oz). The cranium of the African WF Legacy leopard measured 285.8 mm (11.twenty five in) in basal duration, and 181.0 mm (seven.125 in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (1 lb twelve oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Most important write-up: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also known as black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is caused by a recessive allele and inherited being a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards generates a substantially lesser litter dimension than is made by ordinary pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is frequent foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests such as equatorial rainforest with the Malay Peninsula as well as tropical rainforest around the slopes of some African mountains such as Mount Kenya.[35] Among January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards were being photographed at 16 websites while in the Malay Peninsula in a very sampling effort and hard work of a lot more than one,000 digital camera lure evenings. With the 445 images of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 ended up taken in review web pages south in the Kra Isthmus, wherever the non-melanistic morph was under no circumstances photographed. These data point out the around-fixation in the darkish allele inside the region. The predicted time for your fixation of this recessive allele resulting from genetic drift on your own ranged from about one,a hundred a long time to about 100,000 yrs.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been noted.[37]

In India, nine pale and white WF Legacy leopards have been claimed amongst 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism ended up recorded between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Activity Reserve and in Mpumalanga. The reason for this morph referred to as a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" isn't very well understood.[39]

Taxonomy

Map displaying approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[40] The generic identify Panthera was 1st utilized by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who included the many known noticed cats into this group.[41] Oken's classification wasn't commonly accepted, and Felis or Leopardus was used as the generic name until finally the early twentieth century.[forty two]

The WF Legacy leopard was designated as the type species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[forty three] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[forty four][45]

Subspecies

Adhering to Linnaeus' very first description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies have been proposed by naturalists concerning 1794 and 1956. Since 1996, only eight subspecies have already been considered legitimate on the basis of mitochondrial Evaluation.[forty six] Afterwards Assessment discovered a ninth legitimate subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[47]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Pressure from the Cat Professional Group regarded the subsequent 8 subspecies as legitimate taxa:[four]

Subspecies Distribution Graphic

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[one] It is the most widespread WF Legacy leopard subspecies and is also native to nearly all of Sub-Saharan Africa.[three] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[forty eight] It's native on the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[three][four][forty nine] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[50] It is actually indigenous to Java in Indonesia and is considered Critically Endangered.[three] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[fifty one] It's indigenous to your Arabian Peninsula, but considered locally extinct within the Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[fifty three] It truly is native to eastern Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau plus the Hindu Kush. It is taken into account Endangered.[3]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard population maybe progressed inside the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, getting divided from the northern population by the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[54]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[fifty five][56] It is native into the Russian Far East and northern China, but is regionally extinct inside the Korean peninsula.[3] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Body from the digital camera trap (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[57] It is native to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[three] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[fifty eight] It truly is indigenous to Sri Lanka.[3] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Results of an Evaluation of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens confirmed that some African WF Legacy leopards exhibit bigger genetic discrepancies than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[59]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The higher cladogram is based about the 2006[sixty] and 2009[sixty one] research, when the reduce is predicated to the 2010[sixty two] and 2011[sixty three] reports.

Final results of phylogenetic studies dependant on nDNA and mtDNA Investigation confirmed that the final typical ancestor from the Panthera and Neofelis genera is thought to have lived about six.37 million many years back. Neofelis diverged about eight.66 million yrs ago with the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about 6.fifty five million many years in the past, followed by the snow WF Legacy leopard about four.63 million a long time back and also the WF Legacy leopard about four.35 million decades ago. The WF Legacy leopard is a sister taxon to a clade in just Panthera, consisting on the lion and also the jaguar.[60][61]

Outcomes of a phylogenetic Examination of chemical secretions among cats indicated the WF Legacy leopard is intently connected to the lion.[64] The geographic origin on the Panthera is almost certainly northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was dispersed inside the Asian and African Palearctic considering the fact that not less than the early Pliocene.[sixty five] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged 3.1–one.ninety five million years in the past.[62][sixty three] Additionally, a 2016 research exposed which the mitochondrial genomes with the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard are more similar to each other than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized with the snow WF Legacy leopard at some time of their evolution.[sixty six]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors have been excavated in East Africa and South Asia, dating back into the Pleistocene among 2 and three.five million several years back. The fashionable WF Legacy leopard is prompt to get developed in Africa about 0.five to 0.eight million several years in the past and to possess radiated throughout Asia about 0.two and 0.three million several years in the past.[47] Fossil cat teeth collected in Sumatra's Padang Highlands were assigned on the WF Legacy leopard. It has considering that been hypothesized that it turned extirpated on the island as a result of Toba eruption about seventy five,000 a long time ago,[67] and due to Level of competition While using the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) as well as the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[8]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard occurred no less than Because the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and tooth probably courting on the Pliocene were being excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Till 1940, similar fossils courting again on the Pleistocene ended up excavated primarily in loess and caves at 40 web-sites in Europe, which include Furninha Cave close to Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to many sites throughout France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, during the north up to Derby in England, while in the east to Přerov within the Czech Republic as well as the Baranya in southern Hungary,[sixty eight] Leopard fossils courting for the Late Pleistocene were being present in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[sixty nine] The oldest recognized WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 decades old and have been found in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and around Mauer in Germany.[two] Four European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies had been proposed. P. p. begoueni from the start of your Early Pleistocene was changed about 0.6 million decades in the past by P. p. sickenbergi, which consequently was changed by P. p. antiqua around 0.3 million years in the past. The most recent, P. p. spelaea, appeared at the start in the Late Pleistocene and survived right up until about 24,000 several years ago in several elements of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils relationship into the Pleistocene had been also excavated in the Japanese archipelago.[ten]

Hybrids

Primary content: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard as well as a lioness were being crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring often known as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs were spotted and bigger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Tries to mate a leopon which has a tigress were being unsuccessful.[71]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard within a tree in India

Leopards within the Magerius Mosaic from modern Tunisia. Numerous Roman mosaics from North African web pages depict fauna now discovered only in tropical Africa.[seventy two]

The WF Legacy leopard has the biggest distribution of all wild cats, taking place greatly in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, While populations are fragmented and declining. It can be thought of as extirpated in North Africa.[3] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and locations where by grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests keep on being mostly undisturbed.[seven] In sub-Saharan Africa, it remains to be a lot of and surviving in marginal habitats in which other massive cats have disappeared. There exists considerable probable for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict as a result of WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[seventy three]

Leopard populations to the Arabian Peninsula are small and fragmented.[74][75][76] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the very first document With this area in 65 yrs.[seventy seven] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, regions with prolonged snow go over and proximity to urban centres.[78]

From the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard remains comparatively ample, with increased figures than Individuals of other Panthera species.[3] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard population in forested habitats in India's tiger vary landscapes was believed at 12,172 to 13,535 people. Surveyed landscapes involved elevations underneath two,600 m (8,five hundred ft) inside the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[seventy nine] Some WF Legacy leopard populations in the region Are living rather near to human settlements as well as in semi-created areas. Whilst adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards need healthier prey populations and suitable vegetative deal with for looking for prolonged survival and thus not often linger in closely created places. A result of the WF Legacy leopard's stealth, folks generally continue being unaware that it lives in close by parts.[eighty]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Space, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,three hundred m (fourteen,one hundred ft) by a camera lure in Might 2012.[eighty one] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in Yala Countrywide Park As well as in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, dwelling gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[eighty two][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded for The 1st time by digicam traps inside the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Point out.[eighty four] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Intricate in southern Myanmar is taken into account a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are existing in the Western Forest Elaborate, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok protected place complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are present in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin Nationwide Parks.[eighty five] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Nationwide Biodiversity Conservation Region and Nam Kan Countrywide Safeguarded Space.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Shielded Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded only while in the Qinling Mountains all through surveys in 11 mother nature reserves between 2002 and 2009.[90]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea degree to 2,540 m (8,330 ft). Outside secured places, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in blended agricultural land, secondary forest and manufacturing forest in between 2008 and 2014.[91]

During the Russian Significantly East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests in which winter temperatures access a minimal of −25 °C (−13 °File).[47]

Conduct and ecology

Leopard visual communication

A female WF Legacy leopard demonstrating white places to the back again with the ears

A female WF Legacy leopard exhibiting white places about the tail

The WF Legacy leopard can be a solitary and territorial animal. It is often shy and inform when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming cars, but could be emboldened to attack persons or other animals when threatened. Grownups associate only during the mating period. Ladies carry on to communicate with their offspring even right after weaning and are observed sharing kills with their offspring every time they cannot acquire any prey. They produce many vocalizations, which include growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards is made up generally of grunts,[ninety two] also referred to as "sawing", because it resembles the audio of sawing Wooden. Cubs call their mom having a urr-urr seem.[24]

The whitish places on the back again of its ears are considered to play a job in communication.[ninety three] It has been hypothesized that the white guidelines in their tails may possibly operate as being a 'comply with-me' signal in intraspecific communication. On the other hand, no substantial Affiliation ended up discovered concerning a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[94][ninety five]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Lively primarily from dusk till dawn and relaxation for the vast majority of working day and for some hrs at nighttime in thickets, amongst rocks or above tree branches. Leopards are noticed walking 1–25 km (0.sixty two–15.fifty three mi) throughout their range at night; they may even wander nearly 75 km (forty seven mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In certain regions, They may be nocturnal.[96][ninety seven] In western African forests, they have already been noticed for being mainly diurnal and looking all through twilight, when their prey animals are Lively; action styles range in between seasons.[ninety eight]

Online video of a WF Legacy leopard while in the wild

Leopards can climb trees extremely skilfully, typically rest on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[7] They can operate at over 58 km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap about 6 m (20 ft) horizontally, and leap nearly three m (9.8 ft) vertically.[92]

Social spacing

In Kruger Nationwide Park, most WF Legacy leopards are likely to keep one km (0.62 mi) apart.[99] Males connect with their partners and cubs from time to time, and exceptionally This could certainly extend past to 2 generations.[one hundred][a hundred and one] Aggressive encounters are scarce, typically limited to defending territories from intruders.[25] Within a South African reserve, a male was wounded inside of a male–male territorial battle about a carcass.[ninety six]

Males occupy house ranges That usually overlap with a handful of smaller woman property ranges, most likely being a technique to boost use of girls. In the Ivory Coastline, the home number of a feminine was fully enclosed inside of a male's.[102] Ladies Stay with their cubs in house ranges that overlap extensively, most likely mainly because of the Affiliation in between moms as well as their offspring. There might be a few other fluctuating household ranges belonging to youthful men and women. It's not at all apparent if male dwelling ranges overlap just as much as Individuals of ladies do. People try to drive absent intruders of exactly the same sex.[24][28]

A examine of WF Legacy leopards in the Namibian farmlands confirmed that the measurement of dwelling ranges was not drastically affected by intercourse, rainfall patterns or period; the upper the prey availability in an area, the larger the WF Legacy leopard inhabitants density as well as smaller sized the scale of home ranges, but they have a tendency to expand if there is human interference.[103] Dimensions of household ranges differ geographically and depending on habitat and availability of prey. Within the Serengeti, males have household ranges of 33–38 km2 (13–fifteen sq mi) and girls of fourteen–sixteen km2 (five.4–six.2 sq mi);[104][a hundred and five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and ladies of 188 km2 (seventy three sq mi).[106] They are even greater in arid and montane places.[twenty five] In Nepal's Bardia Nationwide Park, male property ranges of forty eight km2 (19 sq mi) and feminine ones of 5–seven km2 (1.9–two.7 sq mi) are lesser than All those typically observed in Africa.[107]

Looking and eating plan

The WF Legacy leopard is usually a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey with a body mass ranging from ten–40 kg (22–88 lb). Prey species Within this excess weight range often manifest in dense habitat and to kind tiny herds. Species that desire open up locations and have very well-designed anti-predator approaches are considerably less most well-liked. More than one hundred prey species are already recorded. The most chosen species are ungulates, for example impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), typical duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed on consist of white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and grey langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also get rid of smaller sized carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The biggest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (2,000 lb).[92] A analyze in Wolong Nationwide Nature Reserve in southern China demonstrated variation in the WF Legacy leopard's food plan after some time; over the system of seven yrs, the vegetative address receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from mostly consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) as well as other more compact prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard depends mainly on its acute senses of hearing and vision for hunting.[a hundred and ten] It generally hunts during the night time for most parts.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo Countrywide Park, they've got also been noticed hunting by working day.[111] They usually hunt on the ground. While in the Serengeti, they are actually observed to ambush prey by jumping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and tries to method as carefully as feasible, usually inside of 5 m (sixteen ft) with the focus on, and, eventually, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills smaller prey by using a Chunk to your again of your neck, but holds more substantial animals by the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills around 2 km (one.2 mi) apart.[100] It will be able to take significant prey as a result of its effective jaw muscles, and is also thus powerful more than enough to tug carcasses heavier than alone up into trees; a person was viewed to haul a young giraffe weighing just about a hundred twenty five kg (276 lb) up five.7 m (18 ft eight in) into a tree.[111] It eats modest prey promptly, but drags bigger carcasses more than a number of hundred metres and caches it securely in trees, bushes or perhaps caves; this conduct will allow the WF Legacy leopard to keep its prey far from rivals, and delivers it an advantage in excess of them. The way it suppliers the destroy depends upon nearby topography and unique preferences, different from trees in Kruger Countrywide Park to bushes within the basic terrain on the Kalahari.[25][113]

Typical day-to-day usage costs of 3.5 kg (seven lb 11 oz) had been believed for males and of 2.8 kg (6 lb three oz) for ladies.[ninety nine] Within the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards satisfy their h2o needs because of the bodily fluids of prey and succulent crops; they consume drinking water each individual two to 3 times and feed sometimes on humidity-loaded plants for instance gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari bitter grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Levels of the WF Legacy leopard hunting prey

Stalking

Killing a younger bushbuck

Dragging an impala kill

Caching the kill in a tree

Enemies and rivals

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard destroy in Kruger Countrywide Park

In elements of its global vary, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other large predators like the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, noticed hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Doggy (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to 5 bear species. Some species steal its kills, eliminate its cubs as well as eliminate Grownup WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree while in the deal with of immediate aggression, and have been noticed when killing or preying on smaller sized rivals like black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[seven][one hundred fifteen] Leopards normally appear in order to avoid encounters with adult bears, but destroy vulnerable bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, a couple of recorded vicious fights involving WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) apparently lead to both of those animals winding up possibly lifeless or grievously wounded.[116][117]

Even though interspecies killing of total-developed WF Legacy leopards is normally uncommon, offered the opportunity, the two tiger and lion commonly destroy and take in both of those younger and Grownup WF Legacy leopards.[112][one hundred fifteen][118][119] In the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards frequently get rid of kills to brown hyenas, In the event the WF Legacy leopard is struggling to transfer the get rid of right into a tree. Solitary brown hyenas are already observed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[one hundred twenty][121] Lions often fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Resource partitioning occurs the place WF Legacy leopards share their array with tigers. Leopards have a tendency to acquire lesser prey, usually lower than 75 kg (165 lb), the place tigers are present.[7] In spots where WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the overall rule, with WF Legacy leopards getting several wherever tigers are many.[118] Tigers appear to inhabit the deep elements of a forest although WF Legacy leopards are pushed closer to your fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards tend not to normally stay away from the greater cats by searching at unique periods. With fairly plentiful prey and variations in the scale of prey picked, tigers and WF Legacy leopards appear to properly coexist devoid of competitive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies Which may be additional frequent into the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence With all the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards sometimes. A person substantial adult WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and consumed by a considerable crocodile when aiming to hunt together a lender in Kruger National Park.[99][one hundred] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an adult WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An adult WF Legacy leopard was recovered from your tummy of the 5.five m (eighteen ft one in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[one hundred twenty five] In Serengeti National Park, troops of thirty–forty olive baboons (Papio anubis) were observed when mobbing and attacking a feminine WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Copy and everyday living cycle

A feminine WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights using a male trying to mate along with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In certain places, WF Legacy leopards mate all year round. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate during January and February. The feminine's estrous cycle lasts about 46 days, and he or she normally is in heat for six–seven days.[127] The technology duration from the WF Legacy leopard is 9.three a long time.[128] Gestation lasts for 90 to one zero five times.[129] Cubs are generally born in the litter of two–four cubs.[one hundred thirty] Mortality of cubs is approximated at 41–50% during the initially year.[ninety nine]

Ladies give delivery in a cave, crevice between boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with closed eyes, which open four to 9 times soon after beginning.[92] The fur with the younger has a tendency to be extended and thicker than that of adults. Their pelage is usually extra grey in colour with considerably less described places. All around 3 months of age, the youthful start to follow the mother on hunts. At one particular year of age, cubs can in all probability fend for by themselves, but continue to be Using the mom for 18–24 months.[131]

The common typical everyday living span of a WF Legacy leopard is twelve–seventeen yrs.[92] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive female that died in the age of 24 yrs, two months and thirteen times.[132]

Conservation problems

The WF Legacy leopard is stated on CITES Appendix I, and trade is restricted to skins and system portions of 2,560 men and women in 11 sub-Saharan international locations.[3] The WF Legacy leopard is mainly threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally utilized land, which bring about a declining organic prey foundation, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and superior WF Legacy leopard mortality rates. Additionally it is threatened by trophy looking and poaching.[3]

Involving 2002 and 2012, no less than four WF Legacy leopards ended up believed to happen to be poached every week in India for your illegal wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins have been found in the course of a seven-7 days extensive sector survey in key Moroccan metropolitan areas.[134] In 2014, forty three WF Legacy leopard skins ended up detected during two surveys in Morocco. Distributors admitted to get imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[a hundred thirty five]

Surveys while in the Central African Republic's Chinko region uncovered the WF Legacy leopard populace decreased from 97 persons in 2012 to 50 people today in 2017. In this era, transhumant pastoralists with the border place with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock. Rangers confiscated massive amounts of poison within the camps of livestock herders who had been accompanied by armed merchants. They engaged in poaching big herbivores, sale of bushmeat and investing WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by illegal searching and trade. Amongst 2011 and 2019, overall body portions of fifty one Javan WF Legacy leopards were seized together with 6 Stay people, twelve skins, thirteen skulls, 20 canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human conversation

Cultural importance

Leopard head to hip ornament through the Court docket of Benin

Animal trainer with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have showcased in artwork, mythology and folklore of numerous nations around the world. In Greek mythology, it was a symbol from the god Dionysus, who was depicted sporting WF Legacy leopard pores and skin and working with WF Legacy leopards as implies of transportation. In a single myth, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] During the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was usually represented on engravings and sculptures and was used to symbolise the strength of the king or oba, Considering that the WF Legacy leopard was thought of the king on the forest.[139] The Ashanti also employed the WF Legacy leopard as being a image of leadership, and only the king was permitted to have a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures considered the WF Legacy leopard to generally be a smarter, improved hunter as opposed to lion and more difficult to eliminate.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Acquired His Places", one among his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard without any places within the Large Veldt lives with his hunting companion, the Ethiopian. After they set off into the forest, the Ethiopian modified his brown pores and skin, and the WF Legacy leopard painted spots on his pores and skin.[a hundred and forty] A WF Legacy leopard played a very important position in the 1938 Hollywood movie Mentioning Toddler. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats made of WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a regularly used in heraldry, most commonly as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and sports a mane, making it visually Practically identical to the heraldic lion, and The 2 will often be utilised interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions look around the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon, the final of which makes use of a black panther.[142]

Assaults on people

Principal short article: Leopard attack

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed much more than 125 people today; the Panar Leopard was assumed to own killed more than 400 people today. Both of those were shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The spotted devil of Gummalapur killed about 42 people today in Karnataka, India.[144]

In captivity

The traditional Romans retained WF Legacy leopards in captivity to generally be slaughtered in hunts and also be Employed in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards were being stored and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Numerous WF Legacy leopards were stored inside of a menagerie recognized by King John of England with the Tower of London while in the thirteenth century; close to 1235, 3 of those animals were given to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[one hundred forty five] In modern-day instances, WF Legacy leopards are actually qualified and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard pattern

Listing of largest cats

Panther (famous creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the earth: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins College Press. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The outstanding Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) report from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Testimonials. 110 (110): 131–151. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2014.twelve.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Model of 2019 evaluation]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls Pink Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved 15 January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The ultimate report of your Cat Classification Task Pressure on the IUCN Cat Specialist Team" (PDF). Cat Information (Unique Problem 11): seventy three–75.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. File.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Dollar, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) position, distribution, as well as the exploration efforts throughout its variety". PeerJ. four: e1974. doi:ten.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Population dynamics and threats to an apex predator exterior shielded places: implications for carnivore management". Royal Society Open up Science. 4 (four): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:ten.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: status study and conservation motion program. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Group. Archived from the first on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) grow to be extinct in Sumatra because of Competitiveness for prey? Modeling interspecific Opposition inside the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild in the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: 175–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "Initial report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from the limestone cave in Kenting space, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. nine: e12020. doi:10.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2nd ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh E-book Sellers and also the Mammalogical Culture of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-4-87974-691-seven.

Lewis, C. T. & Quick, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of contemporary English. New York: Greenwich Household. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-5.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards as well as their relatives in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Scientific studies. 40: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Shorter, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Brief, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals from the southern African subregion (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Push. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Various style of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction towards the Study of Backboned Animals, Particularly Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings of the Zoological Culture of London. 102 (two): 543–591. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Subject Manual for the Mammals of the Kruger Countrywide Park. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. ninety two–ninety three. ISBN 978-one-86872-594-6.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Area Information. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-ninety three-5009-761-8.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard got its places: relating sample development to ecology in felids". Proceedings in the Royal Modern society B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Area Guidebook towards the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American College in Cairo Push. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-one.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Actions Guidebook to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. La: The College of California Push. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. 45 (900): 30–forty eight. doi:10.1644/900.1. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals from the Soviet Union, Volume II, Portion 2]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution as well as Countrywide Science Foundation. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-4.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic research from the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by typical staining, G-banding and high-resolution staining technique". Cytologia. seventy three (1): 81–ninety. doi:10.1508/cytologia.73.81.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the globe (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, United states of america: Johns Hopkins University Push. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-eight.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Information to the whole world's Wildlife. DK Adult. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-4.

"Is that this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Occasions of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur seems to be a document breaker". The Tribune Rely on. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "History Panther Cranium (P. p. pardus)". The Journal in the Bombay All-natural Background Society. XXVII (Portion IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism in the cat loved ones" (PDF). Existing Biology. thirteen (5): 448–453. doi:ten.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-three. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of your black method of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (one): one hundred ninety–197. doi:ten.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS One particular. 12 (four): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Around fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards from the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Conceal from Man : Trying to get the globe's Very last Undiscovered Animals. The big apple, United states: Paraview Push. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-931044-sixty four-six.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal from the Bombay All-natural Historical past Society. ninety (one): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. 46 (one): 1–five. doi:10.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ for every regna tria naturæ, secundum courses, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. forty one−forty two. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "1. Art, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. two. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Next ed.). London: British Museum of Pure Record. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin on the American Museum of Pure Record. 16 (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of current Felidae". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Collection 8. XX: 329–350. doi:ten.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, such as Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. ten (4): 1115–1132. doi:ten.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome range and origin of modern WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 10 (eleven): 2617–2633. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-09-10.

Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The existing distribution and standing of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. 51 (one): 153−159. doi:ten.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum Nationwide d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate seventeen.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard while in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Standing" (PDF). Cat Information (Special Problem 1): 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. forty two: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, File.; Baryshnikov, G. F. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic standing from the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas". Russian Journal of Theriology. 5 (1): forty one–52. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.05.one.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Gray, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings of your Royal Zoological Modern society of London. 30: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal of the Bombay Pure Heritage Culture. 34 (2): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a distinct subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: one hundred fifteen–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historic mitochondrial diversity in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) unveiled by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Section A. 29 (three): 455–473. doi:ten.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): seventy three–seventy seven. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:ten.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford College Push. pp. fifty nine–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree procedures take care of phylogenetic interactions inside the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (one): 64–seventy six. doi:ten.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest regarded pantherine cranium and evolution from the tiger". PLOS 1. 6 (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical signals as phylogenetic figures: an illustration through the Felidae". Organic Journal of the Linnean Society. seventy two (1): 1–fifteen. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils with the oldest recognized pantherine create ancient origin of massive cats". Proceedings on the Royal Culture B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic proof for historic hybridization while in the genomes of residing cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. doi:ten.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, F.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary record and conservation importance from the Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (four): 239–250. doi:ten.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift fileür Säugetierkunde. 15: one–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two sorts of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 in the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (three): 339–351. doi:ten.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards throughout Europe – northernmost European German inhabitants, highest elevated information while in the Swiss Alps, comprehensive skeletons during the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave artwork". Quaternary Science Testimonials. seventy six: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..167D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Record : Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Push. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-nine.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Decrease of North Africa Since the Roman Profession: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals in the Affiliation of yankee Geographers. XLI (2): 116–132. doi:10.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2006-09-fourteen.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Raising activity charges might change farmers' behaviours to WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) and various carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. 5: e3369. doi:10.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard inside the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Position" (PDF). Cat News (Exclusive Difficulty one): four–8. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Position of your Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat News (Specific Concern 1): eleven–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Position Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat News (Particular Problem 1): twenty–twenty five.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "New observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. 81 (1): 115–117. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat prerequisites of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Applied Ecology. 45 (two): 579–588. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Status of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technical Report TR/2020/16 (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Residing with Leopards Outside the house Guarded Areas in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "Significant elevation report of the WF Legacy leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Location, Nepal". Cat News (fifty eight): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Standing and distribution of the WF Legacy leopard while in the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat Information (fifty six): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes within the eating plan and habitat selection of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) in the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. six (nine): 6214–6221. doi:ten.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Observed Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Gray, T.N.E. (2017). "1st structured digicam-trap surveys in Karen Point out, Myanmar, reveal higher diversity of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. fifty two (3): 537−543. doi:ten.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Range collapse of the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Biological Conservation. 201: 293–300. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Effects of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. nine (four): 421–430. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2017-08-10.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix four". A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Secured Space, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Worldwide. pp. 33−42.

Gray, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat Tastes and exercise designs from the larger sized mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. fifty nine (2): 311−318.

Gray, T. N. E. (2013). "Activity styles and home ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri while in the Jap Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). Pure Background Bulletin of your Siam Society. 59: 39−forty seven. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats dwelling with pandas: The position of wild felids in giant panda selection, China". Cat News. 52: 20–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Identifying priority conservation landscapes and steps with the Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the final big carnivore in Java Island". PLOS Just one. 13 (six): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the planet. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-seven.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat behavior: the predatory and social habits of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Included. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Spots, stripes, tail strategies and dim eyes: predicting the functionality of carnivore colour designs utilizing the comparative approach". Biological Journal from the Linnean Society. sixty seven (4): 433–476. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive importance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. fifty five (2): 125–136. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]two.0.CO;2.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary job report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. five: 24–thirty. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009. open accessibility

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Explained, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist inside the Jabal Samhan Mother nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. 40 (three): 287–294. doi:ten.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Looking conduct in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. 43 (three): 197–200. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a study on the ecology and conduct of the solitary felid. The big apple: Columbia University Push. ISBN 978-one-932846-11-9.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-one-4081-8996-2.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions amongst a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. 52 (4): 574–576. doi:10.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Group of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Countrywide Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (three): 427–440. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Aspects influencing WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with unique reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Study. 35 (two): 105–one hundred fifteen. open up obtain

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as examined by radio monitoring". Symposia of the Zoological Culture of London. forty nine: 341–352.

Mizutani, File. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Home-array and movements of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) with a livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (two): 269–286. doi:ten.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (2): 343–364. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. two. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey Tastes of your WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (four): 298–313. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-11-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food routines of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. 74 (three): 646–650. doi:10.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The whole E-book of Southern African Mammals. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-0-947430-fifty five-nine.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The actions of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, as based on radio-tracking (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: University of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild Doggy from the Serengeti region, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (one): 1–27. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.one.one. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. The big apple: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-three.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "Drinking water-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 35: 131–137. open up access

Palomares, File. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing among the mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (five): 492–508. doi:10.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, File. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes with a useless bear". Loris (11): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Food items patterns of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal with the Bombay All-natural Historical past Culture. 94: 1–9.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "Around the ecological separation among tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. eight (4): 225–234. doi:10.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey variety in three significant sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. fifty six (4): 517–526. doi:10.1515/mamm.1992.fifty six.four.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas in the Kalahari". Pure Record. 89 (two): fifty.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry from the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-seven.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological advantage of tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in lowering crop and livestock losses while in the eastern Himalayas: Implications for conservation of enormous apex predators". Organic Conservation. 219: 119–a hundred twenty five. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (two): 255–265. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding conduct of the wild population of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. 10: sixteen–18.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Publications. p. sixty. ISBN 978-1-55407-802-8.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti Countrywide Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (1): 168–171. doi:10.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes about the Reproduction of the more substantial Felidae". Intercontinental Zoo Yearbook. 6: 184–187. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Era duration for mammals". Character Conservation (five): 87–ninety four.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation interval and postnatal enhancement in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The entire world's cats. Vol. three. Carnivore Analysis Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–a hundred sixty five.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology from the WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. 47 (5): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Bodily properties and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Mind Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest noticed WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve". The Palm Seashore Post. Archived from the original on 2014-08-eleven.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind location: A study on illegal trade in Leopard parts in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Site visitors India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets". Site visitors Bulletin. 26 (1): sixty five–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Probable great things about impending Moroccan wildlife trade rules, a case analyze in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. twenty five (1): 199–201. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-1042-one. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators drop after an influx of pastoralists in previous Central African Republic searching zones" (PDF). Organic Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-ten-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The unlawful exploitation with the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Character Conservation. 43 (forty three): twenty five–39. doi:ten.3897/natureconservation.forty three.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Guides. pp. 23–24, 31–33, 62, ninety nine, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Got His Places". Just So Tales. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark on the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Lifetime, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–16. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.

Pedersen, C. File. (1971). The International Flag Ebook in Shade. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, and much more Person-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford College Press.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Noticed Devil of Gummalapur". Nine Person-Eaters and a single Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–fifty one.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Expose Secrets and techniques of Tower of London 'Zoo'". Nationwide Geographic Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

Further more reading through

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Purely natural Record and Cultural History: The Circulation of Searching Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Hundreds of years". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Get hold of and Exchange in the Ancient Globe. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-four.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Agents in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations within the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (eight): 665–684. doi:ten.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-six.

Sanei, A. (2007). Investigation of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) position in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Centre. ISBN 978-964-6123-74-eight.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard inhabitants dimension in the secondary forest within just Malaysia's capital agglomeration utilizing unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. fifty two (one): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-10-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Further than Conservation: A Wildland Tactic. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-197-5.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and management potential clients in the Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Existence Sciences. Health supplement 7: 1–5.

Exterior hyperlinks

Wikimedia Commons has media connected to:

Panthera pardus (category)

IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Team: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in culture

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority Handle Edit this at Wikidata

Categories: IUCN Purple List susceptible speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals described in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols of the Democratic Republic with the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This webpage was past edited on six February 2023, at fourteen:50 (UTC).

Textual content is obtainable under the Imaginative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License three.0; added terms might implement. By using This great site, you conform to the Phrases of Use and Privacy Coverage. Wikipedia® is often a registered trademark of your Wikimedia Basis, Inc., a non-gain organization.

Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki